ALEXANDER NEL FIUME CYDNUS

VALDEMIR MOTA DE MENEZES Alexander ha raggiunto la città di Tarso dalla tarda estate del 333 . Come molti un visitatore di quella città durante l'estate , era caldo . Così ha deciso di fare un tuffo nel fiume Cydnus . Purtroppo per Alexander , le acque del Cydnus sono stati alimentati dalle cime innevate delle montagne del Tauro , e le sue acque erano gelate freddo anche durante il periodo estivo . Così, dopo aver finito la sua nuotata , ha subito fu preso da una convulsione . Dopo la convulsione , ha sviluppato una febbre e insonnia . La maggior parte dei medici di Alessandro disperò per la sua vita , ma uno di loro , un uomo di nome Philip , da Acarnania in Grecia nord-occidentale , ha deciso che poteva curare Alexander dandogli un forte purgante o droga . Prima di Alexander bevuto il purgante , ha ricevuto un messaggio da Parmenione , dicendo: " Beware of Philip . Mi è stato detto che è stato corrotto da Dario avvelenare te. " Alexander ha preso la nota Parmenio , metterla sotto il cuscino , chiamato Filippo in , lo aveva dargli la droga , ha portato fuori la lettera , abbattuto la droga , e ha dato Filippo la lettera. Philip guardò e con calma gli disse che se avesse continuato di fare ciò che è stato detto , si sarebbe ripreso . Le fonti passano attraverso jazz su Alexander tremare e quasi svenire , ma poi recupero , e la reputazione di Filippo è stato salvato . In seguito, Alexander caricato Filippo con magnifici doni , e lo ha contato tra i suoi amici più fedeli . Non c'è nessuna prova , d'altro canto , che l'intervento di Parmenione ha fatto nulla per provocare Alexander mettere in discussione la lealtà di Parmenione a lui . In realtà , Alessandro ha inviato Parmenio lungo per assicurare i passaggi tra Cilicia e la Siria .

BATTLE OF THE ISSOS

VALDEMIR MOTA DE MENEZES The Battle of the Issos - Study Guide For those of you who wish to look over a narrative account, read G. Rogers, Alexander: The Ambiguity of Greatness (2004), Chapter 7 (pp. 65-77). Everyone then should read through our ancient sources. These include: Plutarch, Life of Alexander Chapters 20-21, at: http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alexander*/ Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheke or Library, Book 17, Chapters 30-36, at: http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/diodorus_siculus/home.html Arrian, Anabasis or Journey Up-Country, Book 2 Chapters 5-12 at: https://archive.org/details/arrianar01arriuoft Curtius Rufus, Historiae or Histories, Book 3.4.1-3.13.17 at: http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008158415;view=2up;seq=130 In many ways, the battle of the Issos was the decisive military victory of Alexander's Persian campaign. After the battle at the Issos, the road east to the heart of the Persian empire lay open to Alexander; it was a road that he did not take, at least immediately, for reasons we will discuss. Before that discussion, we will need to straighten out how the battle of Issos came about and why. For, as you will rapidly discover, the events leading up to this great battle reveal Alexander and his staff did not have accurate intelligence about the movements of their enemy. And yet, despite an enormous failure of intelligence (does that sound familiar?), Alexander still won the battle. When your intelligence fails as dramatically as Alexander’s did before a critical engagement against a numerically superior foe and you still manage to bring off a crushing defeat of your adversary, maybe you do deserve the epithet of “Great.” But that will be for you to decide. Among the questions you might consider as you do the source reading(s): How did Darius end up north of Alexander before the battle of Issus? How common are intelligence failures in warfare? In the end do such failures determine who wins and who loses? How and why did Alexander win the battle (which opened up the Levant to him)? What were the long-term effects of this victory? What do you think of Alexander’s treatment of the Persian royal women after the battle? Further relevant modern bibliography: Cohen, A. The Alexander Mosaic: Stories of Victory and Defeat (1997). Devine, A. "The strategies of Alexander the Great and Darius III in the Issus campaign," Ancient World XII (1985) pp. 25-38. Devine, A. "Grand tactics at the battle of Issus," Ancient World XII (1985) pp. 39-59.

FEMME ADA GOUVERNEUR DE LA CARIE

VALDEMIR MOTA DE MENEZES Alexandre et son armée puis marcha vers le sud le long de la côte d'Asie Mineure . Il y avait peu de résistance jusqu'à ce qu'ils arrivent à la ville d'Halicarnasse en Carie . Halicarnasse avait été la maison de l'historien grec Hérodote 5ème siècle et a aussi été le site de la célèbre mausolée de Mausole . Halicarnasse était un peu un défi tactique car il a été très bien fortifiée et pourrait être réapprovisionnée de la mer par les Perses . Néanmoins , Alexandre ne voulait pas le laisser là sans être inquiétés . Sa défense avait été organisée par nul autre que Memnon de Rhodes , dont les sages conseils avant la bataille de la rivière Granicus avait été annulée par les gouverneurs perses et les commandants . Après des combats apocalyptiques avant et en arrière , Alexander a réussi à capturer la plupart de la ville , à l'exception des forteresses imprenables pratiquement de Salmacis et Zephyrium . Ces deux forteresses restent en mains des Perses jusqu'à 332 . Mais Alexandre a décidé qu'il avait besoin d'avancer, il a laissé une force de maintien là et se mit en marche de la ville . Derrière lui , il laisse une femme nommée Ada en tant que gouverneur de la Carie . Ada était la sœur de Pixodaros . Pixodaros , vous vous en souvenez , était le satrape de Carie qui avait prévu de se marier sa fille à Philippe Arrhidée avant Alexander a réussi à saborder ses projets de mariage . Ada a adopté comme son fils Alexander et quand les deux forteresses à Halicarnasse fini par tomber , Alexandre lui a fait en le gouverneur de la région . La nomination d'une femme au poste de gouverneur de cette région était sans précédent dans l'histoire grecque ou macédonienne .

DOPO LA CAPTURA DI MILETO DA ALESSANDRO

VALDEMIR MOTA DE MENEZES Dopo la cattura di Mileto , Alessandro ha fatto il decisione di smobilitare la sua flotta ad eccezione di un piccolo squadrone di navi da trasporto . Ha preso la decisione perché non aveva abbastanza soldi per continuare a pagare gli equipaggi e sapeva anche che le sue navi da guerra non erano all'altezza per il crack navi da guerra della Marina persiano presidiati dai marinai Fenicia e Cipro . Fin da Alexander fatto che gli strateghi decisione , poltrone hanno discussa la saggezza di esso . Alexander sembra essere stato invitando i Persiani per lanciare un attacco in il Mar Egeo alle spalle e forse anche di navigare verso il greco terraferma e la causa disturbo per lui lì. La decisione di Alessandro, però, era un rischio calcolato e non è stata fatta senza un sacco di pensiero duro sulla situazione strategica . Alexander sapeva che se la flotta persiana navigato attraverso l'Egeo , alla fine si sarebbe venuto in contatto e conflitto con Antipatro , che aveva una grande forza a sua disposizione . E per quanto riguarda l'Egeo orientale è stato interessato , Alessandro perseguiva il suo politica di catturare le città lungo la costa dell'Asia Minore , in tal modo privando la flotta persiana di qualsiasi posto dove atterrare . Così la flotta persiana porrebbe alcuna minaccia strategica per la sua forza . Così smobilitazione la flotta a quel tempo era un segno che Alessandro aveva compreso la situazione strategica molto bene. Aveva intenzione di vincere la sua guerra incontrando e sconfiggendo i persiani a terra . Egli non aveva intenzione di combattere la guerra che i persiani lo volevano combattere. Come ogni buon comandante , che stava per costringerli a combattere la sua guerra .

MISSION OF ALCIMACHUS

VALDEMIR MOTA DE MENEZES

2. Guy MacLean Rogers: After the Battle of the Granicus, Alexander appointed a
man named Calas to replace Arsites as the governor of Hellespontine Phrygia.
3. Taxes for the province were kept at the same level as they'd been under
4. the Persians.
5. The Greek city of Zeleia which the Persians had occupied before the
6. Battle of the Granicus, was pardoned, but received no special privileges.
7. Parmenio, meanwhile, was sent on to the old capital of the Persian
8. province, Dascylium to occupy it.
9. Alexander then moved on to Sardis.
10. Sardis had been the center of the Lydian kingdom, which was captured by
11. the Persians in 546 BCE.
12. It had served more recently as the capital of the Persian province.
13. The Persian officer in charge of Sardis surrendered the city without a
14. fight and it was put under the governorship of a
15. Macedonian named Asander.
16. As previously, the Lydians were made to pay tribute, and a garrison was
17. installed in the city, too.
18. Alexander's next stop was Ephesos the oldest and largest Greek city-state on
19. the coast of Western Asia Minor.
20. Ephesos was the home of the great temple of Artemis, one of the seven
21. wonders of ancient world.
22. You'll probably recall that the temple supposedly had burned down on the
23. night that Alexander was born in 356.
24. As Alexander approached Ephesos its pro-Persian ruling clique was thrown
25. out of power and democratic politicians took over.
26. All dues previously paid to the Persians were transferred over to the
27. temple of Artemis.
28. Once he entered the city, Alexander let it be known that he wished to
29. dedicate the newly rebuilt temple of Artemis.
30. But the Ephesians declined, saying that it was inappropriate for a god to
31. make offerings to gods.
32. In reality, the Ephesians may not have been so confident that Alexander was
33. going to win the next round against Darius.
34. And they were a little bit worried about what would happen if Darius or
35. his army came back into the city and found Alexander's name up
36. there on the temple.
37. While Alexander was in Ephesus, envoys from two cities, Magnesia on the
38. Maeander, and Tralleis also came and invited Alexander to
39. come to their cities.
40. Alexander sent Parmenio, with infantry and cavalry to take
41. them up on that offer.
42. He also sent another officer, Alcimachus, the brother of Lysimachus,
43. to the regions of Aeolis and Ionia with a similar force.
44. Throughout these regions, Alcimachus dispossessed the ruling oligarchies
45. and set up democratic institutions in their places.
46. These cities were then allowed to enjoy their customs and their laws and
47. to discontinue the payments that they'd
48. previously made to the Persians.
49. So, at this point, in response to the initiative from the cities of Magnesia
50. and Tralleis, Alexander formulated a policy with respect to the Greek
51. cities of Asia Minor.
52. Some historians have claimed that this shows Alexander's favor toward
53. democratic institutions.
54. That's highly implausible, to say the least.
55. Alexander was a king, and the head of a Panhellenic alliance.
56. It wasn't the fact that these were democracies that he wanted to support.
57. It just so happened that these were the places that were
58. willing to take his side.
59. And so he threw in his hand with them.
60. It was pure pragmatic politics.
61. After sacrificing to Artemis and holding a parade of his troops in the
62. city, Alexander left Ephesos and made his way to Miletus.
63. Miletus, you'll recall, had been at the center of Greek resistance to
64. Persia during the time of the Ionian Revolt in 499 BCE.
65. However, by the middle of the fourth century, it was firmly
66. under Persian control.
67. It was important for Alexander, however, to deal with Miletus because
68. it was a center of Persian power and also had a very strong harbor on three
69. sides, which the Persians could use as a base of operations for campaigns in
70. the Aegean.
71. So there was no avoiding Miletus.
72. Alexander, therefore, seized the offshore island of Lade, preventing
73. the Persian fleet from sailing into the harbor and relieving the city.
74. He then brought up his siege engines, knocked down a section of the city
75. wall, and captured the city.
76. Most of the city's defenders were killed, except for the civilian
77. population and 300 Greek mercenaries.
78. In this case, he spared the mercenaries.
79. It seems that he'd learned his political lesson from the battle at
80. the Granicus.
81. A garrison and tribute were then imposed upon Miletus.

MADRE DE ALEJANDRE, EL GRANDE FUE CONDENADA A MUERTE

MADRE DE ALEJANDRE, EL GRANDE FUE CONDENADA A MUERTE

Por Valdemir Mota de Menezes

Es difícil decir exactamente qué cruel era Olimpia, dijo Brian Pavlac, historiador estadounidense. "Personajes históricos a veces son recordados por ser más terrible de lo que realmente eran," cuenta Pavlac.
Cruel o no, su maniobra política para poner a su hijo en el poder disgustó al ejército macedonio, que finalmente capturarla. Olimpia fue condenada a muerte en 316 antes de Cristo, que viven siete años más que su famoso hijo.

VALDEMIR MOTA DE MENEZES

Alexander the Great: chronology
Alexander, bust from Delos (Louvre)	336 Spring Parmenion leads vanguard into Asia Summer Murder of Artaxerxes IV; accession of Darius III October Murder of Philip (text); accession of Alexander Nov-Dec. Alexander gains support of the Greek towns 335 Summer Alexander campaigns in the Balkans Memnon's counterattack in Asia 12? Sept. Fall of Thebes (text) Nov-Dec. Festivals at Dion and Aegae 334 May Alexander lands in Asia Early June Battle of the Granicus river (text) July Capture of Miletus August Start of the siege of Halicarnassus 333 Winter Alexander conquers Caria, Lycia, Pamphylia andPhrygia March-June Naval offensive of Memnon April-July Alexander in Gordium (text) July Death of Memnon Late July Alexander leaves Gordium Darius leaves Babylon July-Sept Pharnabazus continues the naval offensive September Alexander in Cilicia and falls ill (text) October Parmenion sent to the Syrian gates Alexander campaigns in West-Cilicia c.5 Nov. Battle of Issus (text) Dec.? Darius opens negotiations (text) 332 January Beginning of the siege of Tyre Spring Disintegration of Persian fleet July Fall of Tyre (text) Sept-Nov. Siege of Gaza (text) November Alexander visits Jerusalem? (text) Alexander enters Egypt 331 January Alexander in Heliopolis and Memphis March Alexander visits the oracle of Ammon (text) 7 April Alexander founds Alexandria (text) June Alexander in Phoenicia and Syria July Reinforcements leave Macedonia Alexander's crosses the Euphrates Aug-Sept. Alexander campaigns in Mesopotamia 1 Oct. Battle of Gaugamela 22 Oct. Mazaeus surrenders Babylon to Alexander (Babylonian text; Latin text) 15 Dec. 22 Dec. Abulites surrenders Susa to Alexander Alexander leaves Susa 330 20 Jan. 30 Jan. Jan-May Battle of the Persian gate Alexander reaches Persepolis Alexander at Persepolis (text) June Darius leaves Ecbatana c.17 July Death of Darius III at Choara; Bessus king (text) Aug-Sept. Alexander in Hyrcania, Parthia and Aria November Alexander in Drangiana; plot of Philotas Alexander in Ariaspa; murder of Parmenion 329 February Armies unite in Arachosia April Alexander advances to Gandara Late May Alexander crosses the Hindu Kush (text) c. 1 June Alexander advances to the Oxus (text) Alexander captures Bessus Alexander advances to the Jaxartes July Alexander founds Alexandria Eschat� Revolt in Sogdia, led by Spitamenes; battle of the Jaxartes Cavalry reorganized 328 Winter Alexander at Bactra Summer Campaigns in Sogdia and Bactria Autumn Murder of Clitus December Capture of Spitamenes 327 Winter Alexander in Maracanda and Nautaca Spring Capture of the Sogdian Rock (text) Summer Armies unite at Bactra.  Introduction of  proskynesis (text) Marriage to Roxane Late Summer Conspiracy of the pages; death of Callisthenes 326 February Hephaestion advances through Gandara to Indus Alexander campaigns in the Swat valley Alexander takes the Aornus rock April Armies unite near the Indus; advance to Taxila May Battle of the Hydaspes against Porus c. 26 June Crossing of the Acesines Late July Mutiny at the Hyphasis (text) September Beginning of fleet building November Alexander's fleet starts down the Hydaspes 325 January Campaign against the Mallians; Alexander wounded February Disaster at the confluence of Acesines and Indus April The Brahman rebellion June Craterus starts for Carmania c. 15 July Peithon's and other forces arrive at Patala Late August Alexander starts for Carmania 15 Sept. Nearchus starts on his voyage (text) Alexander in Gedrosia (text) December Punishment of the satraps (text) Alexander meets Craterus in Carmania 324 January Alexander meets Nearchus in Carmania February Alexander in Pasargadae (text) Death of Calanus (text) March Alexander meets Nearchus in Susa Marriages at Susa (text) Summer Alexander's decree on the exiles (text) August Mutiny at Opis (text) Veterans set off with Craterus October Alexander at Ecbatana Late Oct. Death of Hephaestion 323 Winter Alexander requests divine honors Alexander campaigns against the Cossaeans April-May Alexander in Babylon May Preparations for campaign to Arabia 11 June Alexander dies (Greek text; Babylonian text)